Famine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Famine - Essay Example This paper will further anayze whether famine is a seasonal happening or if it has an annual cycle, its predictability, and the steps that can be taken to prevent it,if there are any. Famine can be described as the scarcity of food on a largescale. The functional description of famine needs to include the fact that it is a natural hazard that goes on to affect humans. Without it affecting humans, the otherwise natural disaster becomes a natural hazard. It is not a disaster when the human aspect is lacking. Over time in history, incidences of famine have been experienced repeatdly, and in some regions more than others. This begs for one to view it as a seasonal happening. The seasonal nature of famines is attributed to there being certain human activities that augment the influence of drought. The likelihood of famine to be experienced in a region dependson a myriad of factors. These include the geographical location, policies governing food distribution, and human activities in a place. When these factors are all analyzed, the likelihood of a famine can be determined. The effects of famine are felt by all spheres of nature, both living and non-living. Humans, plants, animals, and even property is affected by famine. Humans are by far the most affected by famine. On the event of a famine, humans are faced by starvation, malnutrition, and cases of death are reported. People waste due to lack of food, and become emaciated. Stunted, and retarded growth are also experienced by the victims of famine. Cases of diseases are increased, as individuals grow weaker and weaker due to poor nutrition. In certain instances people start fighting for the little food available, and war may result. Plants during famine, are usually the first to die. This however, is true when the famine is due to harsh weather conditions such as drought. When the cause of the famine is other than this, plants are affected to a lesser extent. Wasting,

Self-Employed Womens Association Essay Example for Free

Self-Employed Womens Association Essay Population inflation has become a constant problem and a developing conflict for all the nations in the world especially those with such little total land gross area. Urbanization and Population growth seems to coincide because both of it has become growing concerns of the world today. Though Urbanization has the more positive side of it, there are still some who oppose this ideology. Regarding population growth, it has become one aspect of the global community that indicates such a threatening reality. The people are multiplying by the minute but the resources that keep the people alive has become more scarce through the years. The scarcity of resources to satisfy population has become blatantly damaging. The growth rate around the world is increasing every year and as seen in the worlds most populous countries such as China, India, USA, the population has been inflating due to birth and fertility rate. Answering to the problems caused by overpopulation, urbanization solutions has become one arguably reliable remedy. There are four examples of cases where a positive output was produced and was recognized in the 1996 Dubai Awards. These are the Institutionalizing of Community-Based Development in Abidjan, another was the action by the Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA) Bank, another was the City Management in Tilburg ranging from the past, present and the future, these are samples of overcoming the challenges of population and urbanization. Urbanization can produce both negative and positive effects on communities, depending on how the leaders of these communities take advantage of it. There are possible environmental problems due to urbanization but there are also environmental benefits due to urbanization. Its like a give and take relationship for population and urbanization, the importance of how the population should be treated must coincide positively with how urbanization should be handled properly to reap benefits for the population. REFERENCES http://www. unesco. org/most/africa17. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/asia1. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/africa3. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/westeu14. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/usa1. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/southam1. htm.

Diseases :: essays papers

Diseases Diseases are any harmful change that interferes with the normal appearance, structure, or function of the body or any of its parts. Since time immemorial, disease has played a role in the history of societies. It has affected and has been affected by economic conditions, wars, and natural disasters. An epidemic of influenza that swept the globe in 1918 killed between 20 million and 40 million people. Within a few months, more than 500,000 Americans died^more than were killed during World War I (1914-1918), World War II (1939-1945), the Korean War (1950-1953), and the Vietnam War (1959-1975) combined. Diseases have diverse causes, which can be classified into two broad groups: communicable and noncommunicable. Communicable diseases can spread from one person to another and are caused by microscopic organisms that invade the body. Noncommunicable diseases are not communicated from person to person and do not have, or are not known to involve, infectious agents. Some diseases, such as the common cold, and come on suddenly and last for no more than a few weeks. Other diseases, such as arthritis, are chronic, consistent for months or years, or reoccur frequently. Every disease has certain characteristic effects on the body. Some of these effects, include fever, inflammation, pain, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and rashes, are evident to the patient. These symptoms offer important clues that help doctors and other health care professionals make a diagnosis. Many times, the symptoms point to several possible disorders. In those cases, doctors rely on medical tests, such as blood examinations and X rays, to confirm the diagnosis. Communicable diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Physicians refer to these disease-causing organisms as pathogens. Pathogens that infect humans include a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasitic worms. Also, it has been theorized that some proteins called prions may cause infectious diseases. Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms at least 1 micron long. Some bacteria species are harmless to humans, many are beneficial. But some are pathogens, including those that cause cholera, diphtheria, leprosy, plague, pneumonia, strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. The bacteria that are harmless and live in or on you are called resident bateria. Viruses are tens or hundreds of times smaller than bacteria. They are not cellular, but consist of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protective coat of protein. Viruses are able to survive and reproduce only in the living cells of a host. Once a virus invades a living cell, it directs the cell to make new virus particles. These new viruses are released into the surrounding tissues, and seek out new cells to infect.

And Then There Were None :: essays research papers

Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, published by Washington Square Press, is regarded by most critics to be her masterpiece. After publishing almost eighty books, this was the one she was truly most proud of. Why? Mainly, because critics have quoted it to have sold more copies than Shakespeare and the Bible. However, Christie has so much more to be proud of in this novel. With an outstanding mystery/murder plot, combined with a dark, cryptic setting involving many deranged guests; one can see she has accomplished a lot in this novel.Ten guests are invited to a mysterious island called "Indian Island". Each guest was sent invitations that were signed by people they had met before. Once the visitors arrived at the island and were aquatinted with each other, they found out that their host, U.N. Owen, (Unknown) had not arrived yet. At dinner, a strange voice was heard, accusing each of them of a murder, and which they were all guilty of. This is the rising action of the story. One by one each guest is killed off by the anonymous murderer according to a famous nursery rhyme. As more people are killed off, one by one, the group narrows the suspect list down. Hence defining the classic "Who Done It?" mystery novel.The Characters in And Then There Were None are the ones who make the book come to life. Because this novel follows the "Who Done It" theme, there are the few obvious characters. 1) The inspector, always trying to get an accusation across as to who the murderer is(of course never correct). 2) The doctor, Devon Island's answer to the question nobody ever asked. 3) The old married couple (Mr. + Mrs. Rogers), always passionate to others, until a guest discovers an eerie secret. 4) The murderer (Justice Wargrave), finally the one guest that is portrait as the most obvious, until he dies (then comes back to life). This person always remains discrete until the last moment where he reveals that he is a rampaging, psychopathic, cold blooded killer. 5) The innocent victims, of course, what story is complete without the sad tales of innocent live being slaughtered. One or two of these characters are always the ones who you first expect, and are always at the scene of the crime...how convenient.And Then There Were None is indeed one of the best books I have read.

Marketing & Innovation

Marketing & Innovation â€Å"Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has two—and only two—basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. † Peter Drucker (The Father of Management Theory) INTRODUCTION Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. American Marketing Association 2007) An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations. (OECD 2005) Four types of innovations are distinguished: product innovations, process innovations, marketing innovations and organizational innovations. (OECD 2005) * A product (service) innovation is th e introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended uses.This includes significant improvements in technical specifications, components and materials, incorporated software, user friendliness or other functional characteristics. * A process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. This includes significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or software. * An organizational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in the firm’s business practices, workplace organization or external relations. A marketing innovation is the implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing. The OCED’s definition is too narrow : it reduces the scope of marketing by separating between marketing, product innovation and delivery. If we mixed t he two definition we can propose that with a marketing lenses an innovation is : â€Å"the implementation of a new or significantly improved method, process or practices in creating, communicating, delivering, and xchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large† * Innovation in marketing could be related to : * The creation (Iphone), * The communication (Web2. 0), * The delivery (Internet), * Or exchanging (Michelin) * offerings that have value 2 Main objective: Understanding and mastering the process from new ideas generation to new value offering for the stakeholders Degree of differenciation of consumer expectations| Degree of improvement in technology | | Low | High| Low | Continuous innovation(cordless phone)| Market breakthroughts (parabolic skis)| | High| Technology breakthroughts (passage from video players to DVD player)| Radical innovation(cell phone)| Innovation continuum Continuous innovation * Modification to an existing product that does not require a change in learning * Improvement of an existing product without major changes Dynamically Continuous Innovations * Modification to an existing product that requires a modest amount of learning or change in behavior to use it Discontinuous innovation (radical innovation) Major changes in the way we live * Product innovation which break the rules and the norms * New consumption behaviors and use * Technology Example: Sharing documents on Internet, Downloading musics, E-business and virtual stores, Free software, Hybrid cars New product development process 3 Phase 1: Idea Generation Sources of new ideas * Internal idea sources: * Formal research and development * â€Å"Intrapreneurial† programmes * External idea sources: * Customers * Pilot customers : Pilot customers methodsThe estimated annual sales of new products developed based on ideas generated by pilot customers are eight times higher than estimated sales of innovations developed from mor e traditional methods. Pilot Customer: users †¢Brainstorming  : Characteristics of brainstorming | 1. | Write a clear, focused objective | 2. | Select participants for the team | 3. | Prepare for the session | 4. | At the session – Rules for brainstorming. | Rules: * A conversation at the same time * Be focused on the subject * Be visual (drawing) * Encourage crazy ideas * The quantity is more important than the quality * Negative comments have to be avoided No interruptions from outside Role of the team leader: * Contribute to, but not inhibit the flow of ideas * Don’t be too controlling * Encourage participation from everyone * Introduce creative games * Call the â€Å"time out† to review and evaluate ideas that have been generated Method * Write a list of ideas (uses) * Classify ideas thanks to criteria * Find common points between application : â€Å"pseudo segments† 4 Interviews Motivation * Focus group / individual interviews Characteristics of focus group | Group size | 8 to 12 | Group composition | Homogeneous: respondents prescreened | Physical setting | Relaxed, informal atmosphere |Time duration | 1 to 3 hours | Recording | Record all the discussion with sound an video | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * Individual interview  : Type of interview | Required skills | Structured interview | Neutrality, no prompting, no improvisation | Semi-structured interview | Some probing, rapport with interviewee, understanding the aims of the project | Open-ended interview or depth interview | Flexibility, rapport with interviewee, active listening | Focus group | Facilitation skills, flexibility, ability to stand back from the discussion so that group dynamics can emerge |Characteristics of semi-structured individual interviews | Group size | Face to face, one-one-one basis | Interview structure | Semi-structured, direct, personal interview. Use of an interview guide | Physical setting | Relaxe d, informal atmosphere | Time duration | One hour | Recording | Use of audiocassettes and videotapes | Moderator | Observational, interpersonal, communication skills | * 5 Focus on semi-structural individual interview Questioning style * Open ended, non-directive * Little or no direction on how to answer * Relate to topic in own way * Use own language Probing – for detail, depth, clarification – Prompting – encouraging respondent to answer * Non-verbal, repeating, rephrasing, summarising * Salespeople * Service providers * Anyone with direct customer contact * Competitors  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products * Distributors, suppliers and others  : Companies watch competitors’ ads and other communications (new-product pre-announcements) to get clues about their new products Example of Brainstorming: anti-odor product First step: write a list of uses * D irty socks, Ashtrays, Changing rooms, Refrigerators, Elevators, Subway tunnels†¦ * Second step: classify ideas * Development of a notation system * A Possible today * B possible soon * C difficult and risky * Criteria * Technicity faisability, cost, market accessibility, competitors, time of solution * Third step: Find common points How customers can use the product| Passage from 80 ideas to 8  « pseudo-market segments  »| What is its added value? | Deodorization public places| Types of customers| Chemicalplants| Places| Household odors†¦. |Phase 2: Product development * Expand ideas into more complete product concepts * Describe features the product should have and benefits those features will provide * 6 Evaluate chance for success * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place After more than a decade of development, Daimler begins to commercialize its experimental fuel-cell-powered- electric car Next step: to develop th is new product into alternative product concepts – Concept 1: A moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town Concept 2: A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people – Concept 3: An inexpensive subcompact green car – Concept 4: A high-end sport –utility vehicle (SUV) appealing those who love the space Phase 3: Marketing strategy development * Develop a marketing strategy that can be used to introduce the product to the market place * Identify the target market * Estimate its size * Determine how the product can be positioned * Plan pricing, distribution and promotion expenditures Phase 4: Technical development * The product moves into product develop RD or engineering develops the product concept into a physical product â€Å"Look beyond simply creating products that satisfy consumers needs and wants†¦ Companies work to fashion products that are both satisfying and easy to manufacture. † Phase 5: Marketing Test * It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programme – positioning, advertising, distribution, pricing, branding and budget levels Phase 6: Commercialization Launch the product! * Full scale production * Distribution * Advertising * Sales promotion * and more 7 INNOVATING BY SERVICESInnovation and Marketing Decision: The customers’ values issue An economic opportunity exists for an innovation when a new value proposition to customer is possible Agreeing the PSS statement (Product Service System)  «Ã‚  What is important is not our offer but what our customers do with it  Ã‚ », there are three kinds of value propositions for an innovation. Innovation and the first customer’s value proposition: * Customer Values are embedded in a three stages consumption scenario. * These stages define three kinds of value. * Stage 1: Decision (potential value) * Stage 2: The exchange (value in exchange) Stage 3: usage (value in use) Innovat ion in potential value First innovative value proposition: Innovation concerning the facilities The facilities include all company resources: employees, know-how, technology, nominal goods †¦ and other facilities that must be accessible (before offer provision is feasible). Make perceptible the strength of a promise POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in an offer provision scenario, ex IBIS Hotel 8 POTENTIAL VALUE from facilities stage in a service provision scenario: ex vending machine Innovation in value in exchange Second innovative value proposition :Innovation concerning the transformation process This is the stage in which company resources are combined with other companies’ resources in order to transform them. Companies act as prime resources integrators and the innovation consists of new ways of co-operating, collaborating, co-branding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In this case, these values in exchange will have to be new values in use for the customers †¦ to be success ful VALUE IN EXCHANGE from the exchange stage in an offer provision scenario: ex Senseo, Nike+ iphone app This transformation stage can also exhibit innovation concerning CUSTOMER VALUE in EXCHANGE.Offer provision can include a transformation of customer resources in terms of persons (surgery, hair cuts†¦), physical objects (e. g. car repairs†¦), nominal good (e. g. investment banking, rights (e. g. lawyers.. ) and/or data (tax advisors†¦)†¦ It contains elements which are either pre-prepared within producers’ facilities, or are co-produced by customer and provider during the integration and the transformation of customer resources. Innovation consists of changing the way of integrating the customers’ resources with those of the producers’ VALUE IN EXCHANGE. Innovation in producers-customers co-production: ex WikipediaInnovation and the third Customer’s Value proposition. Innovation in customer’s value in use The usage stage exhi bits CUSTOMER VALUE IN USE. Innovation consists of proposing to customer new values in use, perceived as new solutions. Ex: Wii for the seniors Definition of servicization The key idea behind product service systems is that consumers do not specifically demand products, per se, but rather are seeking the utility these products and services provide. By using a service to meet some needs rather than a physical object, more needs can be met with lower material and energy requirements. A product service system is a competitive system of products, services, supporting networks and infrastructure. The system includes product maintenance, parts recycling and eventual product replacement, which satisfy customer needs competitively and with lower environmental impact over the life cycle. â€Å"A Product-Service System can be defined as the result of an innovation strategy, shifting the business focus from designing and selling physical products only, to selling a system of products and serv ices which are jointly capable of fulfilling specific client demands. Meeting consumers’ needs with a mix of products and services is not a new concept. House rentals, hotels, taxis and restaurants are good examples based on economic interest. There are other new and innovative applications of product service systems that have developed as a response to make business more sustainable. The main difference between product service systems and the classic examples is that the preference of consumers is influenced by environmental, as well as economic interests.Source: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS 10 Innovation by servicization : an attractive way to Innovate on the markets Three ways to develop innovation by servicization : 1- Product oriented services Provided to increase or optimize the product life cycle, these supplementary services are offered to guarantee functionality and durability of the product (e. g. maintenance an d repair, upgrading and substitution services over a specified time period, advise and consultancy for use optimisation, etc. ). 2- Usage oriented servicesThe product is made available in a different form to the customer, is sometimes shared by number of users, but stays in ownership with the provider. It is the usage of the product rather than the product itself that is invoiced, without transfer of ownership (e. g. car sharing or car pooling, tools location, financial leasing, etc. ). Ex: http://www. lamachineduvoisin. fr/ 3- Result-oriented services (functional economy) Result-oriented services (or functional services): in this most accomplished form of servicization, the seller does not sell a product anymore to the customer, but the desired result rendered by the product.Rather than selling pesticides to farmers for example, the seller decides to offer a global service contract that guarantee a maximal acceptable loss on crops. A BM based on the sold products quantity A BM base d on a service rate Sell a maximum loss rate on crops Firm in functional service is looking for less costly alternating solutions as the reintroduction of parasitics predatories or the earth reoxygenation by earthworms or using R&D in biology, agronomy, entomology.. The competitiveness of the seller depends on its ability to optimise the PSS implemented to reach this goal and to use the least possible resources and energy to reach the targeted acceptable loss. Such functional services are implemented with great success by companies such as Xerox (Xerox Global Services) or Michelin (Michelin Fleet Solutions) for example.

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Free Online Research Papers There are two different types of organizations within organized crime and these organizations are called the bureaucratic and patron-client organizations. In this paper we will compare distinctions between the bureaucratic and patron-client organizations and this will include some similarities and differences between the main models of organized crime and why these models are important for understanding organized crime. Bureaucratic organizations are formal and consist of regulations, rules, protocols, and procedures that will keep the lower ranked members from making decisions without administrative approval. This can be known as the red tape rule where the formal documentation must be processed by administration before any definite decision can be made. The patron-client organization the lower ranking members are allowed to take it upon themselves to obtain outside contacts, conduct business, outside resources without any approval as long as the organization is benefited by the decisions that are made on their part. This in turn could be why the members involved in bureaucratic organization blame failures and financial issues on the administration and the patron-client organization all the members are held accountable for success or failure of the organization. The patron-client organization and bureaucratic organization are both popular techniques in the ordering of government or legitimate capitalistic enterprises. Bureaucratic organizations are a very big part of the United States examples would be state government, local government and all the other government agencies abroad. In organized crime it can be looked at as a benefit that imposing the organizational structure into an illegal enterprise and also by putting distance through human bodies and the bureaucratic position and the lower ranks. This is also a self-preserving mechanism since you want secrecy. Both the patron-client organization and the bureaucratic organization both want to make their organization look like a legitimate institution so they are not caught by the law. Research Papers on Models of Organized Crime Executive SummaryMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Project Managment Office SystemCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital PunishmentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part One

Sodium24 analysis

Sodium24 analysis Don't have the actaul question sheet anymore, and there is images to go up aswell but im having trouble uploading any of my original essays.1 2.Sodium-24 is an isotope used in medicine and the mining industry, as it is a gamma emitter. It is used for studies of electrolytes within the body, and also to locate leaks in industrial pipelines and oil well studies.3.Half-life of Sodium-24 is 14.96 hours, and it takes a further 149.6 hours or 6.23 days to become 'safe,' as 10 half-lives is what is required for an unstable isotope to become 'safe'4.Sodium-24 is used to measure extracellular fluid by indicator dilution and also is used to locate leaks in industrial pipelines and oil well studies. It is injected into pipelines and oil wells, and then measured with scanners and radiation detectors for leaks, so that they can be fixed to prevent stock loss or some sort of disaster from a leak, for example a landslide, and to improve flow, and therefore profit too.Isotope Table5.Sodium-24 is an artificially made isotope. It is made at the Lucas Heights reactor, near Sydney, Australia, as well as at other reactors across the world. It is made by the neutron absorption method, where a stable isotope is placed in a nuclear reactor and bombarded with neutrons, until one is absorbed into the nucleus, creating an unstable isotope.6. There are four main hazards when using sodium-24 -Ionisation ability - is low because ionisation occurs when the decayed particles collide with an atom, knocking out an electron, making it positive. Because sodium-24 is a gamma emitter, the chance of a particle hitting an atom is small, because the particles that are decaying are so small.Penetration ability - Sodium-24 particles are so...

The Aztecs Essays - Aztec Gods, Aztec Society, Aztec, Civilizations

The Aztecs Essays - Aztec Gods, Aztec Society, Aztec, Civilizations The Aztecs The Aztec Indians, who are known for their domination of southern and central Mexico, ruled between the 14th and 16th centuries. Their name is derived from Azatlan, the homeland of the north. The Aztecs also call themselves Mexica and there language came from the Nahuatlan branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Aztecs were formed after the Toltec civilization occurred when hundreds of civilians came towards Lake texcoco. Late families were unfortunate and were forced to go to the swamp lands. In the swamp lands there was only one piece of land to farm on and it was totally surrounded by more marshes . The Aztec families some how converted these disadvantages to a might empire known as they Aztec Empire. People say the empire was partially formed by a deeply believed legend. As the the legend went it said that Aztec people would create a empire on in a swampy place where they would see an eagle eating a snake while perched on a cactus which is growing out of a rock in the swamplands. This is what priests claimed they saw while entering the new land. By the year 1325 Their capital city was finished. They called it Tenochtitlan. In the the capital city aqueducts (piping) were constructed, bridges were built, and chinapas were made. Chinapas were little islands formed by pilled up mud. On these chinapas Aztecs grew corn, beans, chili peppers, squash, tomatoes, and tobacco. Tenochtitlan (the capital city) was covered in giant religious statues in order to pay their respects to the gods. In the Aztec religion numerous gods controlled an Aztec?s daily life. Some of these gods include: Uitzilpochtli (the sun god), Coyolxauhqui (the moon goddess), Tlaloc (the rain god), and Quetzalcoatl (the inventor of the calendar and writing). Another part of the Aztec religion was human sacrifices. For their sacrifices the priest would lay the man or woman over a convex (rounded) stone, then he would take a sharp knife and cut the victims heart out. They did this because they believed that good gods could prevent bad gods from doing evil things and they also believed that good gods got their strength from human blood and hearts so they had sacrifices in order to keep their gods strong. For major rituals warriors were sacrificed, for the warrior this was one of the greatest honors and for minor rituals prisoners were used. In an Aztec marriage the grooms shirt is tied to the brides dress in order to express there bonding and after the wedding incents were burned for 4 days before proceeding with the marriage. In 1519 Hernando Cortes, a Spanish explorer, led over 500 men into Aztec territory to search for gold. Aztecs thought he was a representative for a certain white skinned god so they respected him. It all changed when the Aztecs saw that Hernando was melting down their golden statues and shipping them back to Spain. The Aztecs decided to attack Hernando and his men. The Aztecs were successful and drove the Spanish away. In 1520 the Spanish attacked the Aztec?s capital city and destroyed their civilization. That was the end of the Aztec?s mighty empire had built so long ago. Work Cited 1) ?Aztec Indians?. Young Students Learning Library. 1993 2) Encarta ?96. CD-ROM. U.S. Microsoft, 1996 .

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives Essay

Internet social networking's effects on teenager's social lives - Essay Example Such sites allow the members to socialize with their friends by adding them to their profile, sending them messages and commenting on their statuses displayed on the pages of their profiles. Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowadays, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. ... The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography. Drug smuggling, prostitution, and cyber terrorism are the common results of crimes conducted through net. The privacy control is also an important feature of most of the social networking sites, but not many teenagers are prudent enough in their use of the internet to use the privacy control. Besides, not many predators get caught by the monitoring of profiles. Identity theft is one of the biggest risks of social networking through websites, that exposes teenagers to the risk of abduction. Teenagers tend to display their personal pictures on their profiles and display their contact numbers, house numbers, and other necessary information that is required by the kidnappers. There are many causes of such a massive display of personal information on the websites. First, children tend to display their complete and accurate information so that it would be easier for their old and lost friends to access them online. Secondly, many teenagers tend to display information to show off that they are living in a particular city or studying at a popular college or school or have joined some famous club in the town. There are many other causes as well. Social networking sites are an excellent source of information regarding any individual as well as his/her family for the kidnappers. In the recent years, a lot of people have been kidnapped all over the world. Teenager boys may be

Environment & Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environment & Society - Essay Example In poor countries for instance, women are mostly involved in activities such as fetching water, fetching fuel for domestic use and agriculture and therefore they understand the issues relating to the availability of water and other natural resources. This can be seen in the Bolivia water issues where women were the most affected by the rising water prices. The concept that gender has an effect on the way the society relates with the environment is predicated on the fact that gender roles and division of labour between the two genders determine how the society relates with the environment. Gender differences for instance determine how much each gender knows about the issues of environment and environment management. As Levy (pp. 8-12) says, in societies where there is no gender equality and women are left to do the lowly domestics tasks, they have the least knowledge about environment and this makes it harder for these women to be able to participate efficiently in conserving the envi ronment. This can be seen clearly in developing and underdeveloped world where women are not involved in the environment programs; yet, they are the ones who interact with the environment every day as they go about their daily economic activities such as fetching water, fetching fuel, farming etc. Differences in gender also result in differences in the way the environment is used. ... At the same time, the gender differences determine who will be involved in the management of the environment. This is very important because of a number of issues. To begin with, when gender inequalities are high, women are not involved in the management of the environment and this makes it harder for the management of the environment to be done in a holistic way. In almost any society, women are always the majority and this means that they are instrumental in helping to manage the environment. Failing to involve them in the management of the environment only leads to an ineffective environment management. It is also clear that in societies where gender inequalities are higher, women are not only left out in the management of the environment but are also likely to involve in the negative interaction with the environment. This is because such women are also left out in participating in the modern socioeconomic activities, leaving them to only have access to harmful economic activities . Failing to involve women in the proper management of the economy has a double negative impact in that in such a situation the majority of the population is not involved and the part of the society which involved itself the most in interacting with the environment are not involved in managing it. Environmental degradation also seems to affect different genders in a different way. Women for instance are affected in a more negative way when the environment is harmed since they are the ones who need the resources from nature the most. This difference in the way environmental degradation affects the gender is also an indication that gender has an effect in the way the gender affects the way in which the society interacts with the environment. When for instance the water catchments are

Leadership in Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership in Nursing - Assignment Example This study will be aimed at addressing the scope and need for development in United Healthcare with the intention to suffice the growing requirements for quality assured medical services within the next decade. Contextually, the study will also exhibit a strategic plan taking into account the aspects of network growth, nurse staffing, resource management and patient satisfaction in order to assist United Healthcare to deliver adequate support to the growing needs of the population. Strategic Planning for United Healthcare United Healthcare has been much concerned towards enhancing its performances by continually delivering proper and effective services to the clients (Patients), especially in the form of health insurance programs. As the organization aspires to improve the quality standards and effectiveness of the medical facilities being rendered to Americans, it becomes highly significant for the company to continually enhance its performances on the basis of particular strategic guidelines. Hence, to meet the rapidly increasing demand of global customers, the organization will need to redesign its strategies in regard to network growth, nurse staffing needs and procedure, management of the resources and quality standards (United Healthcare, 2013). ... However, since the health care needs of the population in America are increasing at a rapid pace, the organization would need to spread its operations or network to a wider extent. In this regard, the unit can establish some more hospitals under its umbrella, especially in the interior parts of the country where lesser numbers of quality health care service providing operators are available. This will further enable the organization to convert its aim of providing quality services to almost every citizen of the country into reality. Furthermore, adding more and more hospitals and health care professionals within its operations will further lead to an enhanced reputation of the organization throughout the country. Spreading its network in the interior regions of the United States, where there are lesser numbers of health care units, will also portray the responsiveness of the organization towards the societal needs; thus, sufficing its vision of responsiveness (United Healthcare, 2013 ; Lighter, 2011). Nurse staffing Nurses are quite a vital part in health care business. As a matter of fact, even though doctors are perceived to be bestowed with the primary role in any of the health care organization or service system, the role and the responsibility of nursing staff are irreplaceable. Nurses are often considered as the ultimate pillars in regard to acquiring maximum customer satisfaction. As stated earlier, with the increase in the demand of the customers for quality services in this sector, the health care units in America are in need to revise their nurse staffing strategies in order to develop an effective set of nursing team that would be able to meet the requirements of the customers with diversity and efficiency. United

Adaptive E-commerce system Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Adaptive E-commerce system - Literature review Example Most of these differences arise with differing framework of what e-commerce constitutes. For example quote (year) looked at e-commerce from the perspective of buying and selling and stated that e-commerce covers all industries where the processes of buying and selling is performed over electronic systems. Quote (year) on the other hand viewed e-commerce from the perspective of what is done with a company’s website. To this end, all activities that promoted the regulation of business, whether it involved selling and buying or not formed e-commerce. Examples of such activities were named to include optimization of traffic from search engines, generation of sales and interaction with customers through an online platform. Regardless of the differences in framework for defining e-commerce however, there is one thing that runs through and that is the fact that some level of business that takes place over an electronic medium. As part of the purpose of the study, the literature review is being conducted as a major secondary data collection exercise that will be used to collect data to address the specific objectives. From the background of the study, it would be noted that there is great regard for adaptive e-commerce. This means that the researcher shall approach the literature from a perspective that limits the scope of review to adaptive e-commerce system. This is because of the position held by the researcher that even though e-commerce as a generalised concept of modern business has the potential of opening great doors for companies, there is the need to optimise the outputs of e-commerce. By optimisation, reference is being made to any creative process that ensures that service users are able to have an advantage on the use of e-commerce over their competitors. Meanwhile, quote (year) made claim to the effect that with the competitiveness of the modern global

History of Urban Setting Schools in the United States Essay

History of Urban Setting Schools in the United States - Essay Example This essay discusses that quality education is important to students and a nation as well. When students excel in their academics, they have a chance of excelling in the job market as well. In the United States, the education sector has been a major priority, with numerous of reforms being implemented to improve students’ performance. Urban schools in the United States are located in the urban areas, with relatively high rates of poverty and mostly comprising students with limited English proficiency, therefore regarded as high need. The urban schools were formed with an aim of accommodating children from low income families. The ‘No Child Left Behind Act’ was implemented with an aim of improving performance of students especially in urban schools. In addition, the Act was implemented by former president Bush in 2002 with an aim of improving students’ performance, hence assisting them to succeed in the future. This paper discusses the history of urban schoo l setting in the United States, its crisis and the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† and its repercussions in depth. According to Gaskell, in the early years, wealth was accumulated by a limited number of individuals, and as a result, poverty levels in the urban areas increased significantly. The urban population in the United States increased as well, resulting into many differences, such as racism and inequality. The funding of schools between the wealthy and the poor districts faced inequality. The urban schools in the United States have over the years faced a declining level of test scores and high rates of violence. According to Stark (2011), urban schools in the 1800s were started with an aim of providing immigrant parents with affordable places for their children to stay during the day as they worked in mills, factories, or shops. By 1920, the urban schools served the middle-class clients who aimed for white-collar jobs; however, by the late 1920s, the working class†™s children had flooded the urban schools, hence changing their status due to financial constraints. Today, there is a sense of hopelessness in the urban schools, contributing to high levels of dropouts. According to Kincheloe (2006, p.95), teaching and learning practices in such schools do not value or encourage students’ performance. DSA (2012) adds that, quality education is a human right for all American students, and therefore, fairness and equality should be observed in the urban schools. Urban schools compromise of children from poor backgrounds; they amount to 11.5 million who live below the average poverty line, attending poverty-stricken schools, and lack computers and decent learning facilities. The urban schools force children to learn in unfriendly environment, which lack air conditioning. Moreover, urban schools record a high level of dropouts, especially among African American students. The performance of these schools in alarming, and this is an issue that n eeds to be addressed. No Child Left Behind Act A report of 1983 indicated that, there was a risk in the education sector, as 13% of 17-year olds on the country were considered illiterate, with scores in mathematics, physics, and English deteriorating (Jorgensen & Hoffmann, 2003, p.2). The rate of remedial classes in mathematics had increased by 72%; in addition, the school curriculum was of low quality, therefore of less benefit. The declining level of homework was also noted in the report, with less mathematics and science courses enrollment. The time students spent on schoolwork was much less; the schools’ administration did not encourage students to develop the required study skills such as time management, and emphasis on schoolwork (Jorgensen & Hoffmann, 2003, p.3). The 1983 report also indicated that, the teaching programs needed improvement; there was also shortage in the number of

Adaptive E-commerce system Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Adaptive E-commerce system - Literature review Example Most of these differences arise with differing framework of what e-commerce constitutes. For example quote (year) looked at e-commerce from the perspective of buying and selling and stated that e-commerce covers all industries where the processes of buying and selling is performed over electronic systems. Quote (year) on the other hand viewed e-commerce from the perspective of what is done with a company’s website. To this end, all activities that promoted the regulation of business, whether it involved selling and buying or not formed e-commerce. Examples of such activities were named to include optimization of traffic from search engines, generation of sales and interaction with customers through an online platform. Regardless of the differences in framework for defining e-commerce however, there is one thing that runs through and that is the fact that some level of business that takes place over an electronic medium. As part of the purpose of the study, the literature review is being conducted as a major secondary data collection exercise that will be used to collect data to address the specific objectives. From the background of the study, it would be noted that there is great regard for adaptive e-commerce. This means that the researcher shall approach the literature from a perspective that limits the scope of review to adaptive e-commerce system. This is because of the position held by the researcher that even though e-commerce as a generalised concept of modern business has the potential of opening great doors for companies, there is the need to optimise the outputs of e-commerce. By optimisation, reference is being made to any creative process that ensures that service users are able to have an advantage on the use of e-commerce over their competitors. Meanwhile, quote (year) made claim to the effect that with the competitiveness of the modern global

Marketing and its importance in Britain society Essay - 1

Marketing and its importance in Britain society - Essay Example Marketing is a very vast term, a simple definition can be a place where the buyers buy and the sellers sell, now one can imagine that the place in the world where the buyers and sellers are doing all the desired work is in fact the entire world, so the term marketing is not just limited to the buying and selling but so many other things are also included in the same, although marketing is there in the world right from the beginning of this world though it was not actually known that it is known as marketing but it was still there, however the modern marketing which was quite familiar to the people of different societies came in view in the period of 1900 to 1940, particularly in the years of 1910 to 1925, the notable reason for the existence of true marketing was perhaps the saturation in the industrial sector of this world, the products were increasing and now people had gained the sense of what is right and what is wrong, what is more beneficial and what is less, where to invest an d where not to, so these small growing facts gained the attention of many businessmen and related people and they started finding the ways through which they could have gained an edge over the others in terms of selling there items or units. â€Å"The majority of this development took place in the United States, although there were notable contributions also from Britain, especially in specialist sub-disciplines such as advertising†. According to another definition on marketing â€Å"marketing meets the needs of markets by producing economic values which, while not so tangible, are qualitatively just as real and quantitatively more significant than those produced in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing†.

The Truth of All Truths Essay Example for Free

The Truth of All Truths Essay Suppressing is suffering but suffering is better than admitting Suffering is better than hurting Suppressing is better. People are the worst LIARS, not simply because of not telling the truth but liars for being completely ignorant of the real thing or two about what one truly feels, what one truly wants Liars for putting up an act of being perfectly fine when in truth, one is really messed up Liars for making others feel certain warmth Liars for secretly thinking bad for a thing Liars for hiding what the inner persona is shouting Look at the bigger picture of life. Try to note the people who are living apart from their REAL selves. â€Å"I don’t want that†; but deep inside, that’s what they really long for. â€Å"I’m not mad†; but in truth, they’re really firing up. â€Å"It’s a joke†; but it’s the truth. â€Å"I don’t like you†; but deep inside, their hearts are breaking apart. â€Å"I’m okay†; but the reality is different. The truth is a word commonly associated with facts but the truth is hard to fathom, hard to interpret and hard to admit. You know what is the real truth governing the twists and turns of truths? It is the fact that person has the tendency to deny things because it’s the heart which tells each and everyone to stop and gather up, suppress. Not accepting things is a primary hindrance. Have you ever been into a situation when you want something so badly but then ended up not getting it? Have you ever been afraid of going prank with someone you treasure? Have you ever made something to get noticed? People, in one way or another, have undergone all of this, whether unconsciously or not, and reacted differently. However, what most people are doing is clinging onto something even if they know that it can’t be anymore. There will come a time when they may say they have already moved on; but, unconsciously, there really are wounds in their heart which bother them every time and the common mistake is denying this fact. People tend to move on without accepting their real limits and denying everything that their heart feels. The ultimatum of it all is that most people are afraid of hurting themselves- afraid of rejection, afraid to let it all out, afraid of negative reactions Why is there a need for that? The truth will set you free! Don’t make up an excuse because you’re having a lie with the most important factors in your life- you and your heart. The greatest truth to be realized is to know yourself, your own feelings and emotions. Wake up, people! Take it slow Live with it!

Radio Resource Allocation Scheme

Radio Resource Allocation Scheme Intended for the multi-cell OFDMA based downlink network the Problem is to be formulated as an optimal joint resource allocation. Unfortunately, there is no time-efficient algorithm that can optimally solve equation (4.4) and directly finding the optimal solution will be computationally excessive at the point when the quantity of users and PRBs is huge in the all system. Subsequently, a conceivable problematic asset allotment framework proposed in this undertaking work. So as to decrease the multifaceted nature the asset designation plan is partitioned into two stages; radio asset and power allotments. In this segment, First we clarify the advancement of heuristic calculation for coarse ICIC and fine PRB task to accomplish a concentrated radio asset portion in the system. Subsequent to getting the answer for the radio asset assignment is and after that performed power portion in the second step, which will be talked about in the following area. Radio resources allocation scheme consisting of two phase, Phase 1-ICIC Phase 2- Fine PRB assignment. Phase-1 ICIC In the first phase of our proposed radio resource allocation is to develop an ICIC system using a simple but effective graph-based framework., Our objective is to develop chart that reflects real impedance happening in the ongoing system environment. As per the diagram hypothesis, the relating impedance chart is indicated by G=(V,E) where V is a situated of hubs every speaking to a client in the system, and E is a situated of edges uniting clients that can bring about overwhelming shared obstruction when they are assigned the same PRB. To decrease many-sided quality, the obstruction power for edge associations is resolved only by the nearness of clients in the system and topographical area. ie., cell-edge users suffer from severe interference due to the shorter distances to the adjacent BSs. The information for exact SINR measurements is not required at this stage. For building the edge association per pair, we characterize that the edge between user can and b is associated when E(a,b)=1, generally E(a,b)=0 and note that E(a,b)=E(b,a). The interference graph construction consisting of two basic rules they are as follows, Users inside of the same cell are commonly joined The association for any cell edge user is just match insightful set up with other cell-edge user of its dominant inteferering cells. The meaning of prevailing meddling cells is clarified by the previously stated presumption in framework model. Let Dm mean the set containing lists of prevailing meddling cells to cell-edge user m. Thus, an expressive illustration is shown in figure 5.1 given by (a) presents a simple 3-cell network case, where user 1,2,3 and 5 are cell-edge users of each cell and D1={1}, D2=à Ã‚ ¤, D3={3}, D5={1,2}, respectively. Then the corresponding interference graph is constructed. The concept of this graph-based framework is that simultaneous transmission on the same PRB is prohibited for users who are connected by edges, and thus both intra-cell interference and major ICI can be avoided in the network. Fig 5.1: An example of the graph-based framework. (a) 3-cell scenario (b) Interference graph construction. Phase-II Fine PRB Assignment The first phase construction offers the network with a strategic planning for ICIC but the actual PRB allocation has not been done up till now. In the second phase, therefore we will come to a decision how to practically make the PRB assignment in the network given the interference graph. To reduce complexity, a heuristic algorithm is proposed here to perform a fine PRB allocation by taking account of the instantaneous channel quality. As, major ICI is well looked after by the first stage in the second stage we consider simply SNR for ease by removing the interdependency matter of SINR At this stage power is thought to be similarly disseminated over all PRBs as a result of the force allotment will be tended to in next segment. Thus, SNR for m on PRB n is computed by SNRnm=(Pmax/N)g(j-m)/N0, where j is the serving cell of user m. Let Rm be the arrangement of users why should permitted have the same PRB or in another word, the same shading with user m in the system. Then the PRB allocation can be described in Algorithm 1. Note that finding the necessary Rm is also included in this algorithm. As indicated in Algorithm 1, the PRB assignment decision made to a user is resolved by the in a split second accomplished SNR as well as by a weighting element show by wm. The primary capacity of wm is to adjust the PRB distribution between cell-edge and cell-focus users of the system, i.e., higher weighting worth is given to cell-edge users as altogether reason they accomplish much lower SNRs contrasted with those of cell-focus users. Then again, the relative decency is likewise considered by making note of the quantity of PRBs as of now being used and in this way keeps the PRB designation from being selfishly abused by minority users in the system., Therefore, calculation 1 has the capacity perform PRB allotment that proficiently accomplishes a general execution change with great fairness amidst those two sorts of users in the system taking into account the weighted SNR . At that point the PRB designation can be demonstrated in Algorithm 1. As shown in Algorithm 1, the PRB contribute to choice complete to a user is strong-minded not just with the right away achieved SNR other than too with a weighing factor indicated by wm. The first function of wm is to balance the PRB allocation among cell-edge and cell-centre users of the network, i.e., higher weighting value is given to cell-edge users as in general they achieve much lower SNRs compared to those of cell-centre users. Then again, the relative uniformity is additionally considered by making note of the quantity of PRBs officially involved and in this way keeps the PRB assignment from being selfishly abused by minority users in the system. Thus wm can be expressed by wm=w/|Nm|, where Nm is set of PRBs that are before allocated to user m,| ` | is the cardinality of a set (note that |Nm|= 1 if Nm=à Ã‚ ¤), w = we when user m is a cell-edge user, otherwise w=wc and we>wc for return of the relatively low SNR received by cell-edge users. Algorithm 1 is able to perform PRB allocation based on the weighted SNR that effectively achieves an overall performance improvement with good fairness among those two types of users within the network. Therefore, radio resource distribution schemes effectively mitigated major ICI among cell-edge users of the network. On the other hand, cell-centre users are authorized to distribute PRBs by means of all users within the network (except their serving cells) and thereby may interfere with either cell-edge or cell-centre users of the adjacent cells depending on the PRB allocation by Algorithm 1, This interference determination be dealt by way of the following power allocation move towards. Power Allocation Approach Subsequent to completing the PRB assignment, the estimations of all parallel variable aj mn in mathematical statement (4.4) are resolved. Hence, the first issue is diminished to streamlining issue where just transmission power pj mn is considered. Not at all like the radio asset assignment, the power portion is chosen separately in every cell and after that performed BSs in appropriated way. Accordingly, an appropriated force designation methodology is proposed in this segment with significance on execution advancement for cell-edge users. Total Power Distribution: First and foremost we partition the aggregate transmission power of each cell into two sections: aggregate power of cell-edge users and cell-center users. Let Pj E and Pj C indicate the aggregate power distributed to cell-edge users and cell-center users in cell j, individually, and PjE+PjC=Pmax. Note that Pmax is assumed to be same for all BSs in the network. The determinations of PjE and PjC are based on following rules; relatively higher power is given in the direction of cell-edge users within order to balance the experienced large distance dependent path loss; and PjE(PjC) is proportional to the number of PRBs occupied with cell-edge (cell centre) users in cell j therefore, the relationship between PjE and PjC is expressed as shown in below equation (5.1) .. (5.1) Where BjC and BjE denote sets of total PRBs occupied by cell-centre and cell-edge users within cell j, respectively, and a(0 Power Allocation for Cell-Centre Users Keep in mind the issue detailing, the reason for comparison (4.4) is to restrictively expand the execution of cell-edge users and there is no improvement for cell-center users, while security of their execution is expressed as an essential breaking point. Subsequently, we essentially power the power designation to cell-center users by uniformly disseminating the aggregate power of cell-center users among their utilized PRBs as a part of every cell. Let pj(c).mn mean the power assigned to PRB n utilized by cell-center user m in cell j. At that point the neighborhood power assignment for cell-center users can choose by pj(c).mn demonstrated in comparison (5.2) pj(c).mn = PjC/|BjC|, .. (5.2) Note that user m in foreordained from the past PRB designation calculations by accomplishing aj.mn=1. Accordingly, in the accompanying we pass up a great opportunity m from the subscript variables of pj(c). Mn and streamline the expression as pj(c)n. To keep away from perplexity, we evacuate the general user file m from the subscript of all variables in the rest of this task. Power Allocation for cell-edge users Given the stable PRB portion and force designation of cell-center users, the first improvement issue demonstrated in comparison (4.4) turns into a raised capacity of power of cell-edge users and can be deteriorated into J parallel sub-issues, where the ideal power allotment to cell-edge users is understood near to every BS of the system. Note that such sub-issues are characterized as a grouping of comparison (5.3), where just joint obstruction between cell-edge and cell-center users is taken into clarification. Let pj(e)n indicate the force assigned to PRB n utilized by a cell-edge user in cell j. Along these lines, the target of P2 for cell j is communicated as demonstrated in underneath mathematical statement (5.3) .. (5.3) Where hjn (hj*n) indicates the joint channel impact on PRBn in cell j(j*) including the channel gain and path loss fading components presented in (3), i.e., hjn=g(j-m)nL_d(j-m)_ and Sjn is a set of neighbouring cells in the network (i.e., j*_=j,j*Ej), inside which PRB n is used with a cell-centre user at the moment. Above equation (5.3) is subject to the following constraints of the equation (5.4) .. (5.4) Where yj*n is the SINR accomplished by a cell-center user of neighboring cell j* to whom p(e)n is the impedance source on PRB n, and Ɇ¦ is a suitable SINR edge decided to keep up elite of cell-center users in cell j*. The thought of P2 is to utilize power allotment to boost execution of cell-edge users under the imperative that execution of cell-center users is not generally give us. In other words, power allocation to cell-edge users to be conditionally optimized During order not to generate undesirable interference to cell-centre users in the network. In addition, here we take for granted that required information about the power allocation of cell-centre users in adjacent cells in known by each BS, which in fact are achievable in future wireless networks where specified links, such as the X2 interference in LTE, are built to connect BSs for necessary information exchange among them. The Optimal Solution can be derived in below equation (5.5) (5.5) As a barrier-constrained water-filling process the deviation can be also described graphically. By defining 1/Hjn as the base, 1/ln2~ÃŽ » as the water level and 1/ln2~ÃŽ »-Tjn as the barrier. The allocated power is indicated by the area (e.g., 1 and 2) below the water level and above both base and barrier. The allocated power is zero when either the base or barrier is above the water level. In addition, if the barrier (blue dashed line) is completely under the base, the base, the problem turns into a conservative water-fitting process. Fig 5.2: An example of a barrier-constrained water-filling process.     Ã‚   Lastly, the optimal solution of ~ÃŽ » and ~pj(e)n can be obtained by well known sub-gradient method, which can assurance a rapid convergence after a number of iterations. The difficulty of the future power distribution is O(||BjE||) which is self-governing of the number of cells in the network. Also this complexity is less than that of the general optimal power allocation where the complexity is O(N). For example, because the optimal power distribution is only executed intended for cell edge users and normally |BjE|

I Wish to Pursue Structural Engineering :: Graduate Admissions Essays

I Wish to Pursue Structural Engineering A simple bridge truss was the first structure I ever analyzed. The simple combination of beams that could hold cars, trains, and trucks over long spans of water fascinated me. Having the tools to analyze the loads on the truss further increased my interest in structures. I encountered the bridge in a textbook for my first engineering class. Knowing that the professor, Mr. Paul Davids, was a tough teacher, I asked him for the textbook so I could study and get ready for the class over the summer. Just arrived from Belize, I was determined to succeed. In class we learned about forces on simple members and then we put the members together to form a simple truss. At this point I had almost decided that structural engineering was the career for me. From there the class just took off: We went on to frames, distributed loads, considered friction; basically we were incorporating real world considerations into structural members. I loved the practical, problem solving aspects of the field. At UC my classes were even more advanced. In my analysis and design classes, I especially enjoyed studying steel design because we not only learned the use of the load resistance factor design but also applied that knowledge -- I designed a four-story building. The professor was a practicing engineer, and he always related the subject to real life steel structures he had engineered, for example, the SB Medical Centre, an all steel building with a base isolated campus. This is the kind of project on which I would like to work, designing the structure and considering how the building will respond to ground motion. After two quarters of structural analysis, I had come as close as possible to analyzing real world structures. Looking back I realize, I had learned great tools for structural analysis, but my "tool box" was still inadequate. I lacked a very important tool: finite element analysis. According to my professor, finite element analysis has revolutionized structural an alysis. Although I liked my classes, my internship experiences really confirmed my interest in structural engineering. While working at Caltrans as a student volunteer, I reviewed computer grading output for streets under construction.

Essay --

Pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling plays a critical role in drug discovery and clinical pharmacotherapy of several types of drugs. PK modelling and simulation approach have been widely use to explain and predict PK profile of a drug. Several PK simulations are employed to measure estimated therapeutic window, dose selection, and to identify mechanism of action of chemicals and their metabolites in various tissues throughout the body. This integral component of drugs development process can be employed to investigate hepatic deposition of substrates. The data generated from such trial may be used to predict substrate deposition in vivo or to extrapolate deposition from animal to humans. For instance, measurement of transhepatic extraction in the isolated perfused rat liver permits assessment of hepatic clearance in vivo as the product of extraction and hepatic blood flow, assuming the flow is known. Hepatic clearance can them be predicted across mammalian species through incorporation of extraction into physiologically based PK models (Dedrick, 1974). There are different approaches to ph...

My Choice Is Reading Essay

By reading books, people can learn how to get through problems in their own lives by relating to characters. Readers can see what characters did to get out of bad situations, and what they learned from them. In Uglies by Scott Westerfield the reader grasps that what someone looks like on the outside doesn’t matter, and it is what is on the inside that counts. The Fault In Our Stars and Looking For Alaska by John Green both deal with death at a young age and losing loved ones. Love is a serious topic in all of these books, and an important lesson learned is that love is blind. The Fault In Our Stars is a love story between Hazel and Augustus who are both battling cancer at the same time. They meet at a cancer support group and fall in love, but then the cancer in Augustus comes back and ends up killing him. John Green does a considerable writing job in making whoever reads the book fall in love with both characters. That is why it is extremely sad in the end because when Gus dies, the reader undergoes the same sadness that Hazel has. Loosing a loved one is also a theme in Looking For Alaska. Miles decides to go to a boarding school, and while there, he makes friends for the first time. More importantly though, he meets Alaska whom he loves from the first moment he saw her. Alaska already has a boyfriend and she will not cheat, but she lugubriously reflected a secret love for him. Unfortunately she perishes in a car crash so their relationship will always be a great perhaps. Miles’ love story is a little different than Hazel’s in a way that Hazel got to really experience the love before it was torn, whereas Miles’ was an unexplored mystery. People everywhere love differently like in the books by John Green, but both stories are similar because the characters have to deal with the loss of a loved one. Everybody deals with losing loved ones in different ways. In Looking For Alaska the whole book is written in the parts before and after Alaska’s death. This shows that Miles is unable to separate his own life from her death. In The Fault In Our Stars Hazel deals with the death of Augustus quite differently. She tells her story building up to his death, and after his death skips to the present day to say that even though Gus is gone, she still loves him. Hazel was able to separate her life from his death in a way Miles was not able to with Alaska,  while still indicating that their love survived even his death. Looking For Alaska deals with a lot of growing up. Miles and his friends throughout the whole book are trying to grow up to be who they want to be. In The Fault In Our Stars Hazel has to find ways to cope with the imminence of her own death, and rather than growing up she has to deal with the process of dying. Hazel has to find her place in death while Miles has to find his place in life. In the book Uglies the theme of growing up to be who you want to be is very important. Scott Westerfield’s book Uglies is a dystopian book much like Maze Runner or Hunger Games. In Tally’s world people live by what they look like. At the age of 16 people get the transformation to turn them into a pretty from an ugly. When someone gets the pretty operation they look like everybody else, but they also get their brain changed. Tally is forced to grow up and get the operation but she rebels and runs away. Tally finally finds out who she is and who she loves just by being who she wants to be. This book deals with he subject of appearance, which is relevant to society today. Everybody thinks that in order to be happy, that you have to be perfect looking. This book teaches the reader that it is what is on the inside that counts. Just like in The Fault In Our Stars, Hazel does not think anybody will love her because she is dying of cancer. Then Gus does. This deals with the saying that love is blind. When someone loves someone they can look past all the flaws and only see perfection. All three of the books read deal with this topic. It is so important to read. Reading makes the reader fall in love, cry, and get angry or excited. Books open people up to reoccurring themes and make them learn really valuable lessons. The books The Fault In Our Stars, Looking For Alaska and Uglies all relate in different ways, and all deal with very diverse content. The most important lesson learned from these books is to be whom you want and to love unconditionally.

Bsiness Strategy of Pepsico

PROJECT REPORT FOR BUSINESS STRATEGY-1 EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS STRATEGIES AT PEPSICO Submitted to:Submitted By: Prof. Sanjany SharanPrashant Sharma Parul Kapoor Mohit Madan Prerna Gupta Murali Krishna (Section-A) (Group – 10) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take this opportunity to express our gratitude towards Mr. Sanjay Sharan, Department of Marketing, IBS, Hyderabad. We are indebted to him for the expertise and invaluable guidance we have received while working on this project. Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. PESTEL Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 PORTER Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 4P @ Pepsi †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 Competitive Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦25 New Product Launch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Advertisement Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 Market Diversification Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 36 HR Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 Bottling Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦45 INTRODUCTION OF PEPSICO Pepsi is one of the most well-known brands in the world today available in over  160 countries. The company has an extremely positive outlook for India. This reflects that India holds a central position in Pepsi's corporate strategy. India is a key market for Pepsi co, and at the same time the company has added value to Indian agriculture and industry. PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and is concentrating in three focus areas – Soft drink concentrate, snack foods and vegetable and food processing. Faced with the existing policy framework at the time, the company entered the Indian market through a joint venture with Volta’s and Punjab Agro Industries. With the introduction of the liberalization policies since 1991, Pepsi took complete control of its operations. The government has approved more than US$ 400 million worth of investments of which over US$ 330 million have already flown in. One of PepsiCo's key strategies was to develop a completely local management team. Pepsi has 19 company owned factories while their Indian bottling partners own 21. The company has set up 8 Greenfield sites in backward regions of different states. PepsiCo intends to expand its operations and is planning an investment of approximately US$ 150 million in the next two-three years. PESTEL ANALYSIS PESTLE analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental/Ecological analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. PESTEL ANALYSIS FOR SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY Political – * Non-alcoholic beverages fall within the food category under the FDA. The government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products n terms of regulations. * There are potential fines set by the government on companies if  they do not meet a standard of laws. * The following are some of the factors that could cause Pepsi’s actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in their underlying company's forward statement:- * Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, (including t ax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Changes in the non-alcoholic business environment. These include, without limitation, competitive product and pricing  pressures and their ability to gain or maintain share of sales in the global market as a result of action by competitors. * Political conditions, especially in international markets, including civil unrest, government changes and restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders. Their ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and technology Economic- * The companies are subject to the harvest of the raw material that they use in their snack foods, soft d rink and juice, like corn, oranges, grapefruit, vegetables, potatoes, etc. Because of they rely on trucks to move and distribute many of their products, fuel is also an important subject, so they are subject to the fuel price fluctuation, and to possible fuel crisis. * Operating in International Markets involves exposure to volatile movements in foreign exchange rates. The economic impact of foreign exchange rates movements on them is complex because such changes are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. * PepsiCo is also subject to other economic factors like money supply, energy availability and cost, business cycles, etc. Sociocultural influences: – * PepsiCo and moreover Pepsi is subject to the lifestyle changes, because of it bases her advertising campaigns in a concrete kind of people with an special lifestyle, it is for that PepsiCo has to pay a special attention on the lifestyle changes. * Particularly in the United States Pepsi drinkers are very defined, there is a kind of people who drinks Pepsi another kind who drinks Coca-Cola, it is for that they have to pay attention to the social mobility for not losing a possible market. Taking into account that PepsiCo is trying to introduce itself in underdeveloped markets, they have to be careful with the possible problems with the governments of this countries, and with the problems could rise from PepsiCo act with the people of this countries. Technological – * PepsiCo is subject to new techniques of manufacturing, for their three business sectors, snack food, juices and soft drinks. * It has to pay attention to the new distribution tec hniques. – And they have to fix their attention in the competence developed, to know about the new products. Even though, we have to take into account that specialized factors involve a heavy and sustained investment, we have to know that if we are able to achieve them, we could generate a competitive advantage. * Some of the factor conditions PepsiCo has to take into account, in each country where they want to introduce are – Unemployment. – Interest rate. (Short term, long term). – Labour legislation. Environment Aspect: * There are many aspects when it comes to the environmental concerns. * For Example the presence of Pesticides in the Pepsi content causes health hazards. Also the wastes generated in the manufacturing of Pepsi are left out without treatment which causes hazardous effects to the surrounding and the water table. * The plastic used for bottling is harmful for the environment. Moreover, the waste generated by the industries producing soft drinks also affects the environment. Legal Aspect: * The production distribution and use of many of PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. * The businesses are also subject to state, local and foreign laws. The international businesses are subject to the Government stability in the countries where PepsiCo is trying get into (underdeveloped markets). * The federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. * The businesses are also subject to de taxation policy in each country they are operating. * They also have to comply with federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations SWOT ANALYSIS It is the study of factors that affects the organization or the industry in both positive and negative ways. Strength: Strength is defined as any internal asset, technology, motivation, finance, business links, etc. hat can help to exploit opportunities and to fight off threats. Weakness: It is an internal condition which hampers the competitive position or exploitation of opportunities. Opportunity: It is any external circumstance or characteristic which favours the demand of the system or where the system is enjoying a competitive advantage. Threat: It is a challenge of an unfavourable trend or of any external circumstance which will unfavourably influence the position of the system. SWOT ANALYSIS PEPSICO Strengths Branding – One of PepsiCo’s top brands is of course Pepsi, one of the most recognized brands of the world, ranked according to Interbrand. As of 2008 it ranked 26th amongst top 100 global brands. Pepsi generates more than $15,000 million of annual sales. Pepsi is joined in broad recognition by such PepsiCo brands as Diet Pepsi, Gatorade Mountain Dew, Thirst Quencher, Lay’s Potato Chips, Lipton Teas (PepsiCo/Unilever Partnership), Tropicana Beverages, Fritos Corn, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, Doritos Tortilla Chips, Aquafina Bottled Water, Cheetos Cheese Flavoured Snacks, Quaker Foods and Snacks, Ruffles Potato Chips, Mirinda, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, and Sierra Mist. The strength of these brands is evident in PepsiCo’s presence in over 200 countries. The company has the largest market share in the US beverage at 39%, and snack food market at 25%. Such brand dominance insures loyalty and repetitive sales which contributes to over $15 million in annual sales for the company Diversification – PepsiCo’s diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands generates annual sales of over $1,000 million. PepsiCo’s arsenal also includes ready-to-drink teas, juice drinks, bottled water, as well as breakfast cereals, cakes and cake mixes. This broad product base plus a multi-channel distribution system serve to help insulate PepsiCo from shifting business climates. Distribution – The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores. This is part of a three pronged approach which also includes employees making direct store deliveries of snacks and beverages and the use of third party distribution services. Weaknesses Overdependence on Wal-Mart – Sales to Wal-Mart represent approximately 12% of PepsiCo’s total net revenue. Wal-Mart is PepsiCo’s largest customer. As a result PepsiCo’s fortunes are influenced by the business strategy of Wal-Mart specifically its emphasis on private-label sales which produce a higher profit margin than national brands. Wal-Mart’s low price themes put pressure on PepsiCo to hold down prices. Overdependence on US Markets – Despite its international presence, 52% of its revenues originate in the US. This concentration does leave PepsiCo somewhat vulnerable to the impact of changing economic conditions, and labour strikes. Large US customers could exploit PepsiCo’s lack of bargaining power and negatively impact its revenues. Low Productivity – In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower than its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees. Image Damage Due to Product Recall – Recently (2008) salmonella contamination forced PepsiCo to pull Aunt Jemima pancake and waffle mix from retail shelves. This followed incidents of exploding Diet Pepsi cans in 2007. Such occurrences damage company image and reduce consumer confidence in PepsiCo products. Opportunities Broadening of Product Base – PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency on US markets by acquiring Russia’s leading Juice Company, Lebedyansky, and V Wwater in the United Kingdom. It continues to broaden its product base by introducing TrueNorth Nut Snacks and increasing its Lipton Tea venture with Unilever. These recent initiatives will enable PepsiCo to adjust to the changing lifestyles of its consumers. International Expansion – PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India. Both initiatives are part of its expansion into international markets and a lessening of its dependence on US sales. In addition the company plans on major capital initiatives in Brazil and Mexico. Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US – PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Products such as Aquafina, and Propel are well established products and in a position to ride the upward crest. PepsiCo products such as, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Sun Chips multigrain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas are also benefiting from a growing savory snack market which is projected to grow as much as 27% by 2013, representing an increase of $28 million. Threats Decline in Carbonated Drink Sales – Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2. 7% by 2012, down $ 63,459 million in value. PepsiCo is in the process of diversification, but is likely to feel the impact of the projected decline. Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations – It is anticipated that government initiatives related to environmental, health and safety may have the potential to negatively impact PepsiCo. For example, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of food products may be altered as a result of state, federal or local dictates. Preliminary studies on acrylamide seem to suggest that it may cause cancer in laboratory animals when consumed in significant amounts. If the company has to comply with a related regulation and add warning labels or place warnings in certain locations where its products are sold, a negative impact may result for PepsiCo. Intense Competition – The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCo’s primary competitors. But others include Nestle, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales promotion initiatives undertaken by PepsiCo. Resently Coca-Cola passed PepsiCo in Juice sales. Potential Disruption Due to Labor Unrest – Based upon recent history, PepsiCo may be vulnerable to strikes and other labor disputes. In 2008 a strike in India shut down production for nearly an entire month. This disrupted both manufacturing and distribution. MICHAEL PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL: MICHAEL PORTER’S 5 FORCES ANALYSIS: Porter's five forces  is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by  Michael. E. Porter  of  Harvard Business School  in  1979. It draws upon  Industrial Organization (IO) economics  to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a  market. Barriers to Entry: * Bottling Network: Both Coke and PepsiCo have franchisee agreements with their existing bottlers who have rights in a certain geographic area in perpetuity. These agreements prohibit bottler’s from taking on new competing brands for similar products. Also with the recent consolidation among the bottler’s and the backward integration with both Coke and Pepsi buying significant per cent of bottling companies, it is very difficult for a firm entering to find bottler’s willing to distribute their product. * Advertising Spend: The advertising and marketing spend in the industry is  in 2009  was around $ 2. billion (0. 40 per case * 6. 6 billion cases) mainly by Coke, Pepsi and their bottler’s. The average advertisement spending per point of market share in 2000 was 8. 3 million . This makes it extremely difficult for an entrant to compete with the incumbents and gain any visibility. * Brand Image / Loyalty: Coke and Pepsi have a long history of heavy advertising and this has earned them huge amount of brand equity and loyal customer’s all over the world. This makes it virtually impossible for a new entrant to match this scale in this market place. * Retailer Shelf Space (Retail Distribution): Retailers enjoy significant margins of 15-20% on these soft drinks for the shelf space they offer. These margins are quite significant for their bottom-line. This makes it tough for the new entrants to convince retailers to carry/substitute their new products for Coke and Pepsi. * Fear of Retaliation: To enter into a market with entrenched rival behemoths like Pepsi and Coke is not easy as it could lead to price wars which affect the new comer. So, it is explicit from these factors that entry to this industry for new player is tough as the existing brands are pretty strong. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The major channels for the Soft Drink industry are food stores, Fast food fountain, vending, convenience stores and others in the order of market share. The profitability in each of these segments clearly illustrate the buyer power and how different buyers pay different prices based on their power to negotiate. * Food Stores: These buyers in this segment are somewhat consolidated with several chain stores and few local supermarkets, since they offer premium shelf space they command lower prices, the net operating profit before tax (NOPBT) for concentrate producer’s in this segment is $0. 23/case Convenience Stores: This segment of buyer’s is extremely fragmented and hence has to pay higher prices; NOPBT here is  $0. 69 /case. * Fountain: This segment of buyer’s are the least profitable because of their large amount of purchases hey make, it allows them to have freedom to negotiate. Coke and Pepsi primarily consider this segment â€Å"Paid Sampling† with low margins. NOPBT in this segment is  Ã‚  $0. 09 /case. * Vending: This channel serves the customer’s directly with absolutely no power with the buyer, hence NOPBT of $0. 97/case. The level of bargaining power differs among groups of buyers. Therefore, buying power of buyers is moderate. Threat of Substitutes: * There are a large number of substitutes available for the carbonated beverages like juices, water, alcoholic drinks, tea, coffee etc. However, each company has a significant presence in the substitute market so that they can leverage upon the sales of these drinks. Because the substitute products are mostly included in each manufacturer’s product portfolio, the threat of substitutes is low. Internal Rivalry: * The Concentrate Producer industry can be classified as a Duopoly with Pepsi and Coke as the firms competing. The market share of the rest of the competition is too small to cause any upheaval of pricing or industry structure. Pepsi and Coke mainly over the years competed on differentiation and advertising rather than on pricing except for a period in the 1990’s. This prevented a huge dent in profits. Pricing wars are however a feature in their international expansion strategies. * In a maturing market such as the domestic carbonated sodas, the only way to gain market share is to steal from one’s rivals. Thus, Pepsi and Coke fight heatedly over prices, suppliers, spokespeople, retail space and most importantly, the taste buds of  consumers. So, the internal rivalry is quite cut-throat. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: * Most of the raw materials needed to produce concentrate are basic commodities like  Colour, flavour, caffeine or additives, sugar, packaging. Essentially these are basic commodities. The producers of these products have no power over the pricing hence the suppliers in this industry are weak. 4P STRATEGY OF PEPSICO PRODUCT: The main product of PepsiCo in the beverages market is the flagship soft drink ‘Pepsi’. The aerated drink is a widely accepted and popular thirst quencher around the world. The Pepsi-Cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colourings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavours. Some other popular products by Pepsi are: 1. Diet Pepsi 2. Aquafina 3. Gatorade 4. Mirinda 5. Mountain Dew 6. Slice 7. Tropicana Juices Both the companies Coke and Pepsi have a number of products. Many of these products are innovations but there are also many products which are brought out just as a competitive product for the other companies. These products are merely launched as a result of the ’cola wars’. Ex: 1. Diet Coke V Diet Pepsi 2. Maaza V Slice 3. Sprite V 7Up 4. Fanta V Mirinda 5. Minute Maid V Tropicana [Strategy being used: Envelopment Strategy  (also called encirclement strategy) – This is a much broader but subtle offensive strategy. It involves encircling the target competitor. This can be done in two ways. You could introduce a range of products that are similar to the target product. Each product will liberate some market share from the target competitor’s product, leaving it weakened, demoralized, and in a state of siege. If it is done stealthily, a full scale confrontation can be avoided. ] PRICE: Pepsi has always had to price its product according to the trend in the industry. Since aerated drinks are often homogenous, Pepsi and Coke alike have had to indulge in a strategy of ‘competitive pricing’. However, the two companies have also tried to make changes in these patterns as Coke introduced Rs. 5 bottle for rural markets. Pepsi has also never been shy of reducing its price to match the competition and has been flexible in lowering its price to match competition. STRATEGY: COMPETITIVE PRICING: Setting the price of a product or service  based on  what the competition is charging. . This type of pricing strategy is generally  used once a price for a product or service has reached a level of equilibrium, which often occurs when a product has been on the market for a long time and there are many substitutes for the product. ] PLACE: Pepsi has spread its reach worldwide and into all p ossible channels. Pepsi products are commonly available at supermarkets, vending machines, mom-&-pop stores, department stores, general stores and convenience stores. Pepsi is also available at many restaurants and cafes through exclusive contracts and deals with these restaurant owners. Coke’s channel also is based on similar lines, to penetrate the market to the maximum extent and increase the availability and points of purchase for consumers. PROMOTION: The promotional strategies of Pepsi are very aggressive especially in the advertising domain. Pepsi has taken Coke head on, in all areas such as Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public relations. Scores of legendary slogans, high-profile celebrity endorsements have marked a very public promotional tussle between cola giants Pepsi & Coke. One popular example is the â€Å"There's nothing official about it† campaign in 1996-97 (During the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka) when Coke had won the official sponsorship of the world cup. PEPSI’s COMPETITIVE STRATEGY WITH RESPECT TO COKE: Pepsi & Coke have been involved a legendary struggle for capturing market share worldwide. They have been competing with the strengths of one another and targeting the weaknesses. They have been involved in many marketing warfare strategies to gain an edge over each other & as a follower; Pepsi has given a great challenge to Coke in all aspects of the business. Let alone leaving the corporate strategies, Pepsi and Coke have even competed in Outer Space by trying to launch aboard the  Space Shuttle Challenger  on  STS-51-F. The companies had designed special cans (officially the Carbonated Beverage Dispenser Evaluation payload or CBDE) to test packaging and dispensing techniques for use in  zero G  conditions. The experiment was classified a  failure by the shuttle crew, primarily due to the lack of both  refrigeration  and  gravity. Some of Pepsi’s strategies include: BYPASS ATTACK: Here marketing takes a Machiavellian turns where you pretend to neglect the direct competitor and instead work on expanding your resource base. Key considerations are consolidating your base and building up to a frontal or flank attack. * Summer of 98? – Pepsi buys Tropicana for $3. 3billion. buying the market leader in the OJ space helps it compete directly against Coke’s Minute Maid. * 2000 – Pepsi buys Quaker Oats, the owner of Gatorade another dominant player in the sports drink market (80% market share as opposed to Coke’s Powerade) for $14 billion. Earlier in the program, Pepsi develops its bottled water brand Aquafina which now commands a 14% market share as opposed to Coke at 11% and Poland springs at 10%. * Moral of this story: You may lose the brand war with your flagship product but could win the overall EBIT war with your family of brands. FLANK ATTACK: 1. Avoid areas of likely confrontation. A flanking move always occurs in an uncontested area . 2. Make your move quickly and stealthily. The element of surprise is worth more than a thousand tanks. 3. Make moves that the target will not find threatening enough to respond decisively to. In 1915, Coke announced a 6. ounce bottle in an innovative style. Pepsi introduced a bigger bottle for the same price and did not leave Coke with many options to retaliate because Coke could not change its bottle since that was the innovation & the vending machines for these bottles could also not fit a nickel coin, which was the competitive price at which Pepsi was selling its bigger bottle. This strategy was a successful flank attack by Pepsi as it is designed to pressure the flank of the enemy line so the flank turns inward. You make gains while the enemy line is in chaos. In doing so, you avoid a head-on confrontation with the main force. The disadvantage with a flanking attack is that it can draw resources away from your centre defence, making you vulnerable to a head-on attack. GUERRILLA MARKETING: Aggressive marketing techniques are used more covertly by large organisations to improve advertising impact and reduce the likelihood of competitors’ retaliation. Pepsi’s   Ã¢â‚¬Å"There's nothing official about it† campaign in 1996-97 (During the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka) when Coke had won the official sponsorship of the world cup was a great example of Guerrilla Marketing where they leveraged upon Coke’s sponsorship with a great slogan and a lower cost. FRONTAL ATTACK: in India, Coca-cola continually launches against its customary rival Pepsi. Of course, Coke in India attacks Pepsi because not only can it match up with Pepsi, which still is the market leader in India, but also gives it a severe psychological trouble with its dominant flanking brand, Thums Up. According to statistics, Thums Up is the number 2 brand in the Indian soft drink industry, third being Coke itself. Coke’s inexorable attack on Pepsi on the too sweet taste of the latter (Offensive Principle 2: Find a weakness in the leader’s strength and attack at that point), also creates a huge psychosomatic incongruity. Coke being worldwide superior to Pepsi is trying to create a battlefield positioning where the ultimate supremacy of the cola war in India goes to Coca-Cola. This is a direct head-on assault. It usually involves marshalling all your resources including a substantial financial commitment. All parts of your company must be geared up for the assault from marketing to production. It usually involves intensive advertising assaults and often entails developing a new product that is able to attack the target competitors’ line where it is strong. It often involves an attempt to â€Å"liberate† a sizable portion of the target’s customer base. In actuality, frontal attacks are rare. There are two reasons for this: * Firstly, they are expensive. Many valuable resources will be used and lost in the assault. * Secondly, frontal attacks are often unsuccessful. If defenders are able to re-deploy their resources in time, the attacker’s strategic advantage is lost. The strategy is suitable when * the market is relatively homogeneous * brand equity  is low * customer loyalty is low * products are poorly  differentiated the target competitor has relatively limited resources * the attacker has relatively strong resources Elsewhere in the world, Pepsi is the one who takes Coke head-on in terms of advertisements, sponsorships, exclusive deals, product line etc. ENCIRCLEMENT STRATEGY: Pepsi has taken Coke up not only on the Cola beverage front but also tackles its many variants and product lines. This is a much broa der but subtle offensive strategy. It involves encircling the target competitor. This can be done in two ways. You could introduce a range of products that are similar to the target product. Each product will liberate some market share from the target competitor’s product, leaving it weakened, demoralized, and in a state of siege. If it is done stealthily, a full scale confrontation can be avoided. Alternatively, the encirclement can be based on market niches rather than products. The attacker expands the market niches that surround and encroach on the target competitor’s market. This encroachment liberates market share from the target. Pepsi has launched many competitive products to match Coke and has not shied away from investing in innovative products and fighting for market share. Some of these competitive products are: 6. Diet Coke V Diet Pepsi 7. Maaza V Slice 8. Sprite V 7Up 9. Fanta V Mirinda 10. Minute Maid V Tropicana PRICING WARS: As far as pricing is concerned, Pepsi has always been the follower since Coke was the first brand to enter the market. Coke had recently trumped Pepsi with the introduction of its Rs. 5 bottle to penetrate rural markets. This strategy had been fairly successful and Pepsi had to lower its price to compete with the innovative pricing. Since both products are homogeneous in nature, the nature of pricing has to become cooperative and similar. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY: Pepsi ; Coke are not only infiltrating markets by putting their bottles in general stores, supermarkets, mom ; pop stores, convenience stores, fountain sodas ; vending machines but they are also snagging exclusive deals with global and local food chains. Pizza Hut which is run by Pepsico’s Yum! Brands Inc. only serves Pepsi on its menu. Coke, meanwhile, just scored a big coup by winning the soft-drink business at Subway, a fast-food chain now bigger than McDonald’s, which had previously served only Pepsi. In Conclusion, we see that Pepsi ; Coke have been involved in a long and bitter battle as they exist in hyper markets and battle out an oligopolistic market situation. This condition has forced advertising costs to sky-rocket and employment of various tactics and strategies to gain market share across the globe. RECOMMENDATIONS ANSOFF’S MATRIX The Ansoff Growth matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoff’s product/market growth matrix suggests that a business’ attempts to grow depend on whether it markets new or existing  products in  new or existing markets. The output from the Ansoff product/market matrix is a series of suggested growth strategies that set the direction for the business strategy. These are described below: Market penetration Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: †¢ Maintain or increase the market share of current products – this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling †¢ Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors †¢ Increase usage by existing customers – for example by introducing loyalty schemes A market penetration marketing s trategy is very much about â€Å"business as usual†. The business is focusing on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research. Market development Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: †¢ New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country Product development Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. This strategy may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products in new markets. Having analysed the various aspects of soft drinks industry in India and with reference to Ansoff’s model, Pepsi could launch a new product in the existing Indian market. This new product will be vitamin and nutrients enriched water. The new product will be called as PEPSI FRESH. STP ANALYSIS Segmentation: Target: Our main target is the affluent society in India where there has been no product ever launched by Pepsi in this category. We also target the Old Aged People for coming into the age bracket from 35 + and the health conscious people. Positioning: It is a highly differentiated product as no product has been introduced by pepsi or its competitors in this category. This would target the health conscious and the affluent. Marketing Mix: 4P Strategy Marketing mix is the process of designing and integrating various elements of marketing in such a way as to ensure the achievement of enterprise objectives. Marketing mix is a combination of marketing tools that are used to satisfy customers and company objectives. Creating a successful marketing mix that will increase results often takes experimenting and market research. The constituents of marketing mix are given below: PRODUCT Product refers to a physical product or a service or an idea which a consumer needs and for which he is ready to pay. Physical products include tangible goods like grocery items, garments etc. Services are intangible products which are offered and purchased by consumers. Services may involve also an innovative idea on any aspect of operation. A product is the key element of any marketing mix. The decisions concerning product may relate to – Product attributes * Branding * Packaging and labelling * Product support service * Product mix. Pepsi can launch this new product, called PEPSI FRESH, a vitamin and nutrient enriched water as India is a huge market for beverage industry with its population size of 1. 2 billion. This product is a product related to the health of the people and also the basic need i. e. , wat er. U. S. Consumption of carbonated soft drinks has steadily declined in the past decade. Part of that comes down to the array of alternative beverages the market now offers. Part of it comes down to health concerns in a nation with an obesity problem. In that spirit, Pepsi is focusing more on water, juices, teas and sports drinks. Pepsi’s top brands in those areas include Aquafina and Gatorade. And while it trails in soft drink sales, it leads the world in ready-to-drink teas through Lipton, while its Tropicana wins out in juices/nectars. The company is betting big on creating healthy foods through its Quaker Oats, Gatorade and Tropicana divisions. And it just began the Global Nutrition Group to deliver breakthrough products. As Caroline Levy, a CLSA analyst, noted, â€Å"PepsiCo is currently focused on better-for-you† products. So, our product will perfectly fit in their strategy. Attributes: * Flavours: Pepsi could provide 5-6 good flavours in this product. * Benefits: Vitamin water does feature multiple vitamins that are good for the body. One bottle of â€Å"FRESH† has 40 per cent of your daily value of vitamin C, and 20 per cent of your daily value of vitamins B3, B5, B6 and B12. * Branding: Pepsi has the advantage of number 1 player in the Indian beverages market. It is having huge capital reserves to fund its new product. The logo used for this could be PRICING Price is the amount charged for a product or service. It is the consideration paid by consumers for the benefit of using any product or service. Price fixation is an important aspect of marketing. There may be two types of Price fixation: * Cost based approach: This is the simplest method of pricing. Generally companies add a certain percentage of Profit, to the total cost of the product. The total cost of the product is calculated after taking all types of costs into consideration. While following this approach, no other factors e. g. prices of substitute goods, nature of demand, etc. are considered. * Competition-based approach : The prices are determined on the basis of conditions in the market. Companies may follow any one of the following three approaches. a) Price-in-line b) Market-plus c) Market-minus Price-in-line means prices fixed nearly equal to the prices of close alternatives. Generally this happens under free market conditions i. e. when the number of buyers and sellers is so large that they cannot affect the prices. When companies charge (fix up) a price which is more than the price of existing substitutes, it is called market plus pricing. This approach is adopted when the quality of a product is better, or it has a popular brand name, or its packaging is attractive and useful. Consumers will pay more only when they find distinctive differences in the product and its substitutes. Sometimes business enterprises get ready to supply products at a price lower than the market price. It may be adopted to grab a larger market share or to make a newly introduced product more popular. This approach is called market-minus approach. Companies having shorter channels of distributions or direct selling facilities can afford to fix a price lower than the prevailing market price. We will price the product in a higher segment above the normal mineral water. We will do some cost-revenue analysis to come up with the price. Basis and Assumptions: Total Fixed Cost Total (Rs. in lakhs) * Land & Building 50. 00 * Plant & Machinery 40. 00 * Other fixed assets10. 00 Total 100. 00 Cost of Production (Per annum) Total (Rs. in lakhs) * Working capital 350. 00 * Depreciation on building1. 50 @ 5% per annum. * Depreciation on plant & 3. 50 Machinery @ 10% per annum * Interest @ 15%18. 00 Total 373. 00 Sales Forecast = 45 lakh bottles Now, Total cost = Total fixed cost + Cost of Production = 100 + 373 = Rs. 473. 00 lakhs. Cost per bottle = 473/45 = Rs. 10. 5 Now, Price per bottle = 10. 5 + 138% mark-up = Rs. 25 per bottle. PLACE Place is another important aspect of 4P strategy. This refers to how an organization will distribute the product or service they are offering to the end user. The organization must distribute the product to the user at the right place at the right time. Efficient and effective distribution is important if the organization is to meet its overall marketing objectives. If an organization underestimates demand and customers cannot purchase products because of it, profitability will be affected. Pepsi can distribute this product through following channels: * Supermarkets. * Hypermarkets. * Convenience stores. * Institutional Tie-ups. * Public places like airports, multiplexes etc. PROMOTION Promotion refers to using methods of communication with two objectives: (i) informing the existing and potential consumers about a product, and (2) to persuade consumers to buy the product. It is an important element of marketing mix. In the absence of communication, consumers may not be aware of the product and its potential to satisfy their needs and desires. Techniques used in the promotion of project: * Advertising: * Advertising budget will be huge. * Advertising will be continued the entire year round. * Media Classes to be used: TV, Magazines and Radio. * Channel Genres: Entertainment, English Movies, Hindi movies, Music and Sports. * Day-Parts: All the day with heavy advertising in Prime time. * Sales Promotion: * Discounts will be given for the first month to entice the customers to use the product. * Extra incentives will be given to heavy selling retailers. * Free gifts can be given to the lucky customers. * Events: The Product will be launched with inauguration of Champions League T 20 Cricket tournament. Pepsi Fresh will be the main sponsor of the event. The promotional banners will look like this: ADVERTISING STRATEGY: After the liberalization policy in 1991 when Coke re-entered India, it found Pepsi had already established itself in the soft drinks market. The global advertisement wars between the cola giants quickly spread to India as well. Internationally, Pepsi had always been seen as the more aggressive and offensive of the two, and its advertisements the world over were believed to be more popular than Coke's. It was rumoured that at any given point of time, both the companies had their spies in the other camp. The advertising agencies of both the companies (Leo Burnett for Coke and HTA for Pepsi) were also reported to have insiders in each other's offices who reported to their respective heads on a daily basis. Pepsi has focused on ‘Youth’ centric values by using young celebrities such as Ranbir Kapoor and cricketers for its advertisements, also incorporating taglines such as ‘Yeh hai youngistaan meri jaan’. Internationally too, Pepsi has always had a young target audience. Many of their ads were historically targeted at teens and even pre-teens and are injected with fun, sports and most often, music. Pepsi has leveraged all manner of musical celebrities over the years, from Ray Charles to Britney Spears. Coca-Cola ads depict human experience in two primary ways. First, long before global branding was the trend it is today, Coca-Cola was embracing diversity. This can be clearly seen in its long-running â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke† series of ads, depicting people from all over the globe joining together in Coke and song. Further, Coca-Cola has long been vailable in one form or another in countries all across the world and it’s even rumoured to be the most recognizable brand, logo and even word on the planet (the latter with the possible exception of â€Å"ok†). When Coca-Cola ads aren’t targeting worldwide diversity, they still possess a strong sense of community and overcoming differences and hardship throug h universal similarities such as a love for Coke. P P Pepsi has also paid close attention to its Packaging and always comes up with innovative cans, bottling and frequently changes it logo. However, Coke is not similar in this respect and only makes minor changes in its logos and cans. Coke has so far indulged in emotional marketing and tried to tap into the sentiment of Indian values by focusing on family packs, diwali advertisements and rural markets. Some legendary campaigns include: * The Pepsi Challenge ads showing people doing blind taste tests kicked off the fun in 1975. * In 1985 both were launched into space aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger with specially designed cans, although the crew considered both failures. * Over the years the formula was tweaked so that Pepsi ads featured celebrities stressing the drink was the â€Å"The Choice of a New Generation†. By the 1990s the Pepsi strategy revolved around consumers being invited to â€Å"Drink Pepsi, Get Stuff† by collecting Pepsi Points on packages and cups which they could redeem for lifestyle merchandise. Millions took part and the Pepsi Stuff campaign was considered a huge success. MARKET SEGMENTATION AND DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY OF PEPSICO CURRENT SITUATION: * PepsiCo has ample opportunities to increase their market share and to grow if they concentrate on market diversification. * Pepsi and coke both have almost the same market share, but the markets where their strengths lie are different. The general market is dominated by Pepsi whereas restaurants, colleges, cinema halls are dominated by coke. * In Pakistan where PepsiCo has nearly 60% market share and its nearest competitor is coke. Coke is already devising strategies to become the market leader from follower in Pakistan. * Loyalty toward the brand â€Å"Pepsi† is relatively low in the Indian market. * Their marke t share in the Indian rural segment is low compared to coke. * Low productivity. WHAT PEPSICO CAN DO? * Pepsi’s primary consumers are teenagers, young and adults. So Pepsi can diversify their target market a bit and target these teenagers at clubs, restaurants, cinema halls etc, where coke has substantial share. * Concentrate more on the rural markets which has a lot of potential. Widen their distribution network; know what the consumers in that market want. Already coke presence in rural market through it’s â€Å"thanda matlab coca-cola† ad campaign. Through proper promotion and distribution channels Pepsi can catch up with coke in the fast-growing rural market. * Pepsi has a loyal customer base in Pakistan. It should not lose out this segment to coke. People who are already brand conscious use Pepsi. Hence they should concentrate on reinforcing their brand image and maintain the loyalty towards their brand. By doing so they can easily penetrate the other near-by markets, which will be a huge advantage. * Pepsi depends a lot on the US market. Hence it should diversify its market on a large scale and allocate necessary budgets for achieving desired results. Even though it’s long-term, strategies regarding which markets to enter and necessary budget allocations must be made now and must be implemented at the right time. Different growth strategies are appropriate for companies operating in different types of markets and Pepsi should decide on different strategic options according to the stage they are in their organizations life cycle. * Despite efforts made by PepsiCo to retain its customers through extensive marketing strategies and consumer loyalty programs, consumers are not loyal. Hence they should turn their strategies t owards building loyalty among consumers by affecting their purchasing decisions and at the same time diversify to other markets. Relying solely on one consumer market may prove harmful in the long-run and also it will be in line with other strategic decisions as discussed above. * PepsiCo’s diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands generates annual sales of over $1,000 million. But having said that PepsiCo has approximately 198,000 employees and its revenue per employee is $219,439, which is lower than that of its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees. To achieve strategic goals like market diversification, budget allocation plays a very important role and is crucial for success. Hence cutting down on costs and improving productivity must also be taken care of. * PepsiCo has been using all four marketing strategies from Ansoff’s matrix. Each strategy contributed to the company’s overall success but the diversification strategy seems to be the most favorable strategy for Pepsi, given the present market conditions. * By capturing various markets one at a time using different but appropriate strategies, Pepsi can become the market leader in the long run. HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIES OF PEPSICO LEADERSHIP AT PEPSICO INSIDERS AT PEPSICO INC (PEP) Name (Connections)| | Title| Type of Board Member| Age| Indra Nooyi | | | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer| –| 55| Eric Foss | | | Chairman of Pepsi Bottling Group, Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Bottling Group and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Beverages Company| –| 52| Robert Pohlad | | | Chairman of PepsiAmericas and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiAmericas| –| 56| Irene Rosenfeld | | | Chairman of Frito-Lay North America Division and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay North America Division| –| 57| Other Board Members on Board* Name (Connections)| | | Primary Company| Age| Ray Hunt | | | | Hunt Consolidated, Inc. | 67| Arthur Martinez | | | | Sears Investment Management Company| 72| Dina Dublon | | | | Microsoft Corporation| 57| James Schiro | | | | Zurich International (Bermuda) Ltd. | 65| Sharon Rockefeller | | | | Pepsico, Inc. | 66| Daniel Vasella M. D. | | | | Novartis AG| 57| Victor Dzau M. D. | | | | Kearny Venture Partners| 65| Alberto Ibarguen | | | | John S. & James L. Knight Foundation| 67| Ian Cook | | | | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | 58| Lloyd Trotter Ph. D. | | | GenNx360 Capital Partners| 65| Shona Brown | | | | Google In| | Human Resource Planning In Pepsi For Human resource planning the strategic goals and objectives are the key activities. Same is the case in the Pepsi. With the start of the season the goals and objectives are set. The goals of the organization are * To provide quality product by meeting customer demands. * To remain market leader and provide continuous improvement in its brand quality. * To provide good services to customers, employees, communities, and the environment. Human Resource Planning Process in Pepsi In Pepsi managerial estimates are used to determine the total future need of Human Resources in the organization. Than human resource department take actions to fulfill these needs. The employees hired both on permanent basis and temporary basis. After the season the temporary employees are layoffs. Normally the temporary employees are hired in production department. Tools and Techniques of Human Resource Planning Many tools are available to assist in human resource planning. In Pepsi the most commonly used tools are 1) Succession Planning. (Managerial employees) 2) HRIS (non managerial employees) Recruitment in Pepsi In Pepsi the issue of employees hiring is more critical as compare to other organizations because there is cyclical demand for employees. Pepsi uses both methods internal and external for recruitment depending upon the number of the employees required. Internal Recruitment Methods External recruitment is necessary for the organizations like Pepsi that are rapidly growing because there are large demand of people and internal sources are not sufficient to fulfill this demand. Pepsi use following methods of internal recruitment to attract their existing employees to apply for jobs available in Pepsi 1) Job Posting and Biddings ) Memos to Supervisors External Recruitment Methods Pepsi also use external recruitment methods to recruit a pool a qualified employees so that the most suitable persons can be hired for the job vacancies available in organization. Pepsi use the following external methods of recruitment 1) Job advertisement 2) Employees referrals and walk-ins 3) Campus recruiting Who Is Responsible For Recruitment In Pepsi assistant Human Resource Manager Miss Parsa Habib is responsible for both external and internal recruitment. Selection in Pepsi There are two different process of selection in this company for non-managerial and managerial employees Selection process for non-managerial employee Selection process for Managerial employees First the candidate applies or sends their resumes than an entry test is conducted by the organization. If the candidate is successful in this test than he move towards the next step of initial interview and then final selection is conducted by the manager of concern department and he makes the final decision about selection. Orientation in Pepsi Orientation is the process of introducing of new employees to the organization, their work units, and jobs. In Pepsi there are two types of orientation exist. In Pepsi there are two types of orientation exist 1) Official orientation provided by the organization. 2) Unofficial orientation provided by the co-workers. Official orientation is for the managerial employees and unofficial orientations are for the non-managerial employees. Length and Time of Orientation In Pepsi, the length and timing period of the orientation program is very short usually from 1 to 2 hours. Orientation Kit There is no concept of orientation kit in Pepsi. They are not providing their employees orientation Kit. Training in Pepsi Training for new employees is very necessary because without the proper training of employees no organization can achieve maximum output from their employees. Every organization offers their employees training so that they can sharp their skills and perform their jobs well. Pepsi is also offer to their employees training. They are doing both off the job and on the job training. 75% on the job training and remaining is classroom training. Following are the commonly used methods of training in Pepsi * Understudy assignment. * Coaching. * Classrooms training. * University and professional associations. Off the job training methods are used by the non-managerial employees or technical staff. Classrooms training and university and professional association are generally used for managerial employees. Who Train the Employees? In case of non-managerial employees training the immediate manager train the employees. This is for 3 days to 1 Month. For managerial employees Pepsi hire professional trainer. This training is held Hotels. This training is for 3 days to 15 days. Training Evaluation In Pepsi, there are no proper training evaluation system exists. Career Planning In Pepsi Pepsi provide career development opportunity only for managerial employee. . In Pepsi there is no concept of career development for the non-managerial employees because of this there is a very high employee turnover rate in Pepsi. Performance management system in Pepsi Performance management system is the important components of human resource management. Through this the organization identifies the strong and weak points of their employees and tries to rectify them. In Pepsi they have no proper way of evaluating the performance of their employees. Compensation and Benefits in Pepsi Compensation and Benefits motivates the employees and these must be offer by the organization. In Pepsi there is no concept of compensation and benefits for the non-managerial employees but Pepsi offer benefits and incentives to the managerial employees. These includes * Medical allowances * House rent * Education allowances * Convince allowances Recommendation Increase compensation and benefits to retain their existing employees also should have a better career development strategy to make it happen for their employees to go up the organizational hierarchy. * A better orientation strategy should be adopted to socialize their employees with the organizational rules and regulation also they should provide orientation kit to its employees * Career developmen t is necessary in every organization. Because it something that makes employees satisfied and increase their performances level ultimately this increase organization productivity. This is also helpful in achieving organization objectives. * Training Evaluation is very necessary because there are a lot of benefits of training Evaluation. We come to know our strengths and weaknesses through training evaluation, thus PepsiCo should have a mechanism to evaluate it. BOTTLING STRATEGY The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. was the world's largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola beverages. PBG sales of Pepsi-Cola beverages accounted for more than one-half of the Pepsi-Cola beverages sold in the United States and Canada and about 40 per cent worldwide. PBG had the exclusive right to manufacture, sell and distribute Pepsi-Cola beverages in all or a portion of 43 states, the District of Columbia, nine Canadian provinces, Spain, Greece, Russia, Turkey and Mexico. Approximately 70 per cent of PBG's volume was sold in the United States and Canada. Pepsi Bottling Group was based in Somers, New York. On August 4, 2009 The Pepsi Bottling Group and another major Pepsi bottler, PepsiAmericas, were purchased by PepsiCo, headquartered in Purchase, New York. The purchases were completed on February 26, 2010, forming a wholly owned PepsiCo subsidiary, the Pepsi Beverages Company (PBC). PBG's largest operations are in its North American and Western European markets, which have recently been hit by declining consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Consumer preferences have been shifting away from carbonated soft drinks, which accounted for around two-thirds of PBG's 2006 units, to healthier alternatives. The prices of production inputs, especially aluminium and corn, have been rising as well, putting additional pressure on PBG's profits. Despite these difficulties, PBG has performed relatively well. The Pepsi brands are very well known and enjoy significant brand loyalty. PBG's international markets have seen steady growth, helping to offset the sluggish domestic market. Also, PBG's performance is inherently tied to that of PEP, providing PBG with a certain degree of security in the highly competitive non-alcoholic beverage market. STATISTICS We see that the profit for the year 2006 was 5,830 million. When pepsi overtook 2 bottling plants it resulted in saving of 15 cense per bottle manufactured. It increased the gross profits to 6,210 million by the end of 2008. Pepsi already owns 33. 1 per cent of PBG stock and 43 per cent of PAS and since both bottlers have reported good FQ results and have increased their earnings forecast for the year, analysts believe that it is highly likely that even PAS will reject Pepsi's offer. While making the offer, Pepsi had said that the consolidation of its bottlers would bring in a saving at least $600 million a year, but PBG believes that the synergies would bring in savings in multiples of $600 million, based on its own internal analysis. This brings the profit statistics to